This model is particularly prevalent in the telecommunications industry. 

• Target Market: Wholesale VoIP providers typically target resellers, such as VoIP service providers, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and Managed Service Providers (MSPs), who then offer VoIP services to their own customers.

• Bulk Service Offerings: Wholesale VoIP involves the bulk purchase and sale of VoIP services, including voice call minutes, SMS, and other communication services, often at discounted rates.

• Infrastructure and Network Management: Wholesale VoIP providers maintain the infrastructure and manage the network required for VoIP services. Resellers benefit by not having to invest heavily in infrastructure.

• White Labeling: Many wholesale VoIP providers offer white label services, allowing resellers to brand the services as their own. This is especially beneficial for companies looking to expand their service offerings without developing the technology in-house.

• Global Connectivity: Wholesale VoIP providers typically have agreements with multiple carriers around the world, offering a wide network coverage which allows resellers to provide international calling services.

Wholesale VoIP is a key component of the telecommunications market, enabling businesses to offer VoIP services without the need for extensive infrastructure investment, and fostering competition and innovation in the industry.